Author(s) : Roberto Di Lucchio 2004 Milan
This speech shown the results of the two experiences with polyethylene PE 100 pipes for the natural gas distribution, carried out by Camuzzi in 1999th and 2001st, respectively in Italy and in Argentina. The pipeline in Italy reached the actual allowed pressure limit for the gas, i.e. 5 MPa. In Argentina, was possible...
Author(s) : Headford, Hill, Wilson 2004 Milan
The United Kingdom is the most highly developed PE pressure pipe market in the world. Following pioneering work done in the USA and Germany, it was the UK that was first to adopt PE on a large scale for gas, and then for water distribution. The 100% PE policy of British Gas, and wide range of sizes used (at low...
Author(s) : Huelsmann, Nowack 2004 Milan
The demand for PVC has increased continuously in line with social development. Today, worldwide consumption is approaching 30 million tonnes per annum and global growth is expected to be more than 4 % per annum. A significant proportion of this growth will be in PVC pipes, which make up about 27% of the market for PVC...
Author(s) : Hunter, Christodoulou, Greaves, Bowman, Bott 2004 Milan
The development of a pipe system designed to transport potable water through contaminated ‘brown-field land’ is described. The system is based around a multi-layer, aluminium reinforced PE pipe, and includes a full range of specially designed mechanical fittings to provide the end user with a total system solution. We...
Author(s) : Gibson, Frost, Stratfold 2004 Milan
This paper discusses the possibilities offered by ramp pressure loading tests to generate data for determining the long term load-bearing characteristics of plastics pipe systems. In addition to ramp pressure loading, procedures are also considered where the pressure is held at a constant value for a period of time,...
Author(s) : Forczek, Kerluke, Cheng, du Plessis, Seute 2004 Milan
This paper describes the process and modification of a standard class PE100 high-density polyethylene pressure pipe grade polymer to a class PE200 grade polymer, for the manufacture of thermoplastic pipes for both liquid and gas conveying. This modified polymer was developed through the collaboration of Ion Beam...
Author(s) : Raynaud 2004 Milan
Plastics pipes have gained a majority position in the European pipe market, and a global volume worth 2500 ktons in 2003. After a slight contraction in 2003, the thermoplastic pipe market is expected to continue steady growth in the medium term, mainly due to opportunities for replacement of water mains in aged and...
Author(s) : Fokken 2004 Milan
A status quo of the stabilisation of PVC pipes will be given first followed by the different political and environmental impacts on the currently used lead stabilisation. A prediction about further trends in the European pipe market will be tried. In the second part of the presentation an overview over the different...
Author(s) : Nishimura, Kawaguchi 2004 Milan
The required performance of polyethylene pipes for gas distribution is firstly described. As an evaluation method for slow crack growth, the relation between crack growth length and time under test was obtained to investigate the stress crack resistance of polyethylene pipes for gas distribution after conducting...
Author(s) : Nesti 2004 Milan
In the last few years, all over Europe we’ve noticed a progressive shift from the traditional solid wall PVC pipes to structured wall ones. Such evolution was due to the to demand of gaining an energetic saving, even reducing the use of the raw material, whom high impact on the products final cost is well known,...
Author(s) : Zhou, Palermo 2004 Milan
ISO MRS and ASTM HDB rating systems have been successfully used for more than four decades in Europe and North America. MRS differentiates well the three generations of HDPE materials by classifying them as PE63, PE80 and PE100. However, HDB classifies all three generations of HDPE as only one PE 3408. When...
Author(s) : C. Corleto 2004 Milan
A fracture mechanics based method to characterise rapid crack propagation properties of HDPE pipe resins has been developed. The new method is based on quasi-static finite element analysis solutions of energy release rate and displacement, of a modified single-endnotched bend specimen that minimizes dynamic effects...
Author(s) : Janson, Alferink, Wolters 2004 Milan
This paper presents the results of work that was performed at the request of TEPPFA , The European Plastics Pipes and Fittings Association, on the issue of “Combined loading” (external and internal loading) of buried thermoplastics pressure pipes. The work is of great importance for users and designers of...
Author(s) : S. Castagnet, D. Girard, J-L. Gacougnolle, G. Hochstetter, M. Werth 2004 Milan
The long-term behaviour of PVF2 in the slow crack growth (SCG) regime is usually predicted from burst tests. Lifetimes measured from such tests are quite long (several months at least) making accelerated tests interesting alternatives. Creep tests were performed on three-notched PVF2 samples; the morphology of the...
Author(s) : Palermo 2004 Milan
The recent Department of Transportation Advisory Bulletin, “Notification of the Susceptibility to Premature Brittle-Like Cracking of Older Plastic Pipe” cited lower ductile inner wall Aldyl “A” and Century polyethylene (PE) pipe as two materials that were known to be susceptible to brittle-like cracking or slit...
Author(s) : SKM Ting, JG Williams and A Ivankovic 2004 Milan
Recent experimental data (Ting et al (1-2) and Ting (3)) has shown that the onset and subsequent evolution of the damage (craze) was found to be sensitive to constraint effects, in addition to rates. In particular, the effect of notch depth was found to exert a greater influence on the material response than through...
Author(s) : Lever 2004 Milan
It has long been established that the primary long-term failure mode of PE fittings is Slow Crack Growth (SCG) from the area of highest stress concentration. This area of highest stress concentration is usually situated at the edge of the fusion joint, be it a conventional socket, sidewall or electrofusion joint....
Author(s) : Boot 2004 Milan
Flexible (non-bonded) polymeric linings are used extensively to renovate both gravity and pressure pipes. Linings for both types of pipe are subject to collapse pressures, and in the case of gravity pipes this is the dominant source of loading; the efficient design of linings to sustain collapse pressures is therefore...
Author(s) : McGrath 2004 Milan
Gravity flow thermoplastic pipes use profile wall geometries to provide maximum wall stiffness with minimum wall area. This practice minimizes the material used in manufacture, and thus the product cost. In the case of some thermoplastic pipe, polyethylene in particular, this practice has led to a need for design...
Author(s) : N. Brown 2004 Milan
The three major requirements for a gas pipe resin are (1) the MRS , (2) excellent resistance to slow crack growth[SCG] and (3) resistance to brittle fast fracture as exhibited by a low S4 critical temperature,[Tc]. In order to develop a new PE resin, it is necessary to investigate many variables involving the...
Author(s) : Rahman 2004 Milan
This paper is a state-of-the-art review of a rapidly expanding market for the municipal Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) piping industry in the United States and Canada : Trenchless Technology. The reality of municipal underground piping construction and rehabilitation in North America has evolved into a combination of both...
Author(s) : Espersen 2004 Milan
Over the last 20 years the Danish natural gas distribution network has been using 2nd generation PE materials classified as PE80. When introducing the PE materials (MDPE) right from the start of the Danish gas project expectations were that they would last for more than 50 years. The Danish standard for PE pipes and...
Author(s) : Nury, Meijering 2004 Milan
After long time of preparation and co-normative research, the new European Acceptance Scheme for Drinking Water quality (EAS) is progressing now very strongly and will become in force as officially expected in 2006. So, besides the legally required CE marking showing the conformity to the Essential Requirements of the...
Author(s) : Eva Nezbedová, Pavel Šindelář and Petr Bohatý 2004 Milan
Changing the catalyst composition, it allowed us to alter placement of comonomer from lower to higher polymer molecular weight fractions together with a certain reduction of molecular weight distribution (MWD). Using this catalyst several polymer samples differing in level of branching, in comonomer unit placement and...
Author(s) : Below, Quilitz, Schumann 2004 Milan
The crosslinking of polyethylene by irradiation is a well known technology in the sanitary and heating pipe market. For more than 20 years PE-Xc-pipes in dimensions up to about 40 mm and wall thicknesses up to about 4 mm have been used successfully in this market. With the development of a new crosslinking technology...
Author(s) : Chung, Couch, Kim, Vibien, Oliphant 2004 Milan
Environmental factors are known to significantly impact the oxidative failure mechanism of materials. For example, the chlorine present in potable water as a disinfectant is an oxidant that has been reported to impact the failure mechanism of materials in potable water applications. In this paper, the relationship...
Author(s) : Fairfield, Campbell, Reid 2004 Milan
This work examines the wear properties and erosion resistance of plastic pipes under dynamic fluid impact and cavitation conditions. Testing to evaluate the performance of a range of plastics was undertaken. A test rig was calibrated for : flow stability, pressure hysteresis, frictional head loss, time to target...
Author(s) : Blomster, Baeckman, Ettinger 2004 Milan
Only ten years ago, steel was the dominant material in marine outfall projects. Technological advances in raw material supply, more sophisticated extrusion technology and know-how development in submerging of pipelines has however changed this situation. In 2002 Pipelife Norge A/S won Europe's largest-ever...
Author(s) : Hsuan, McGrath 2004 Milan
In past ten years, there is a significant growth in the use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) corrugated pipes in transportation related applications in the United States. At the same time, the evaluation of stress crack resistance (SCR) of the HDPE corrugated pipes has also gone through many changes. A...
Author(s) : J. Vienne, Ph. Vanspeybroeck 2004 Milan
Since the official introduction of the S4 test in several ISO and CEN standards, different test institutes have achieved experience in the RCP behaviour of polyethylene gas and water pipes. In most cases the S4 test is limited for smaller pipes up to a diameter 250 mm. This paper resumes the results recently obtained...
Author(s) : Crunkhorn, Whiter, Mulheron, Smith 2004 Milan
The water industry has used renovation techniques to extend the life of its assets for a number of years, beginning with sliplining in the 1970s. These techniques have evolved with time and the use of an interactive liner, where the liner withstands only some of the service loads, with the remainder borne by the host...
Author(s) : Bos, Hussko 2004 Milan
The main requirements for successful pipeline renovation systems are to combine an easy and safe installation with a long lifetime and a good cost performance. This paper reviews the development and evaluation of the Omega-LinerT M relining system which is a close-fit system based on a PVC alloy. Practical...
Author(s) : Shepherd 2004 Milan
Polyethylene pipeline systems have now been used with considerable success by the UK Water Industry for over twenty years. Most, if not all, water companies now regard polyethylene as the default material choice for all normal distribution system applications. i.e. up to 300mm nominal diameter. However, for larger...
Author(s) : Yayla, Bilgin 2004 Milan
Squeeze-off is used in routine and emergency situations, to stop or nearly stop flow in polyethylene pipe by flattening the pipe between parallel bars. Gas and water industry utilizing polyethylene pipe in their systems have designed squeeze-off procedures to fit their pipe material environmental conditions and...
Author(s) : Dowbrowsky 2004 Milan
PVC Sewer pipes for non pressure pipe applications have a market share of about 50 % of the hole pipe market. It is the most competitive market of all pipe applications. Raw material saving and high productivity with a quality according to the required standard, is the most important issue to bring up the margin. It...
Author(s) : U. Schulte 2004 Milan
There are three factors that can influence the service life of plastics pipes: mechanical overloading, environmental stress cracking and degradation caused by oxidation at high temperatures. This article deals primarily with the degradation that occurs during processing at high temperatures and also – as an...
Author(s) : Sandstrum 2004 Milan
The use of polyethylene pipe in potable water systems has grown considerably over the past thirty years on both a domestic (North America) and international (Global) basis. Factors driving this growth have included material improvements, standards development, expansion of innovative construction techniques and...
Author(s) : Andersson 2004 Milan
The lifetime of plastic pipes has been studied at Bodycote Polymer AB for more than 30 years. This paper will compare two test methodologies for evaluating multi-layer pipes. An attempt will be made to investigate antioxidant consumption as a function of exposure time for three different PE based multi-layer pipes...
Author(s) : Welburn 2004 Milan
It is generally considered that joints present the weakest element in any pipeline. In response to this the Redman hydraulic fitting has been developed to provide a unique and cost effective method of joining plastic pipe. No heat source or bolts are required to form the joint and installation can be completed...
Author(s) : Morgan 2004 Milan
The United Kingdom has one of the oldest and most developed gas transportation systems in the world. Today, its policy is to use polyethylene (PE) as the preferred material for the safe and efficient transportation of natural gas for operating pressures up to 7 Bar. Transco are the largest gas transporter in the UK...
Author(s) : S.R.Tan, and A. Bos 2004 Milan
PVC has become the world’s most versatile thermoplastic, with a wider range of uses than any other plastic material. PVC products deliver substantial performance benefits, making it the material of choice in many applications and sectors of our modern society. In the past, PVC products have been selected against...
Author(s) : liguori, Nezzo 2004 Milan
Following a brief picture of the italian market situation and development of the main sectors of application, the paper gives a review of the main italian and international standards regarding this kind of product. The paper reports on the efforts of a working group, promoted by IIP, composed by representatives of raw...
Author(s) : Eckert 2004 Milan
„No welding if media escapes”, “residual water problems” and “need for space” are phrases invariably used when repairs and integration to PE pipe systems is the topic of conversation. Quite rightly so, because clean fusion zone surfaces are an important prerequisite for a strong, homogenous PE fusion jointing. Below,...
Author(s) : Beech, Clutton 2004 Milan
Design of pipe systems for lifetimes in excess of 100 years depends on accelerated testing of pipe at different temperatures, and standard extrapolation methods for assessment of the minimum required strength. However resistance to slow crack growth is an essential parameter to take into account for the development of...
Author(s) : Ghia, Olivero, Piovano 2004 Milan
Nowadays the major determinants for the evaluation of polyethylene (PE) pipe welding are still visual examination of weld bead quality (for butt fusion) and destructive tests. Nevertheless during the last decade a great effort has been done in studying and attempting the development of suitable Non Destructive...
Author(s) : Rogers, Vasilikos 2004 Milan
The structural performance of plastic pipelines used for landfill drainage is difficult to predict due to the complex stress transmission provided by the unusually inhomogeneous overburden (i.e. waste) and variable degrees of local confinement provided by the mounded gravel surrounds. Also the gravel-waste interaction...
Author(s) : Shah Rahman 2004 Milan
The introduction of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping standards four decades ago on the North American continent has provided utilities and municipalities a solution to overcoming common problems inherent in traditional piping materials such as corrosion, pipe cracking, poor joint performance, and cost and difficulty of...
Author(s) : Barresi, Ek 2004 Milan
The underground installation in Canicattì Municipality in Sicily is a combined sewerage and rainwater system of a very specific design. The complete system is manufactured by Simplast using a new generation PP material and the Weholite spiral wound pipe solution licensed from KWH Pipe. The design meets the range of...
Author(s) : Jutte 2004 Milan
Gemeentewaterleidingen Amsterdam is a Dutch water company supplying drinking water for Amsterdam and its regions, which covers the Leiduin/Haarlem water supply pipeline. This pipeline required upgrading for use as a middle pressure (up to 3 bar) pipeline for the supply of water to the city of Amsterdam. As part of...
Author(s) : Lolli, Drusian 2004 Milan
More than ever before public utility services in recent years have undergone a profound process of reorganization that has placed them at the focus of interest of the more important economic and financial operators. All this, from the concentration of municipal utilities into new companies, to the extension of the...
Author(s) : Breen, Boersma, Slaats 2004 Milan
In co-operation with the PVC producers, pipe manufacturers and waterworks companies in the Netherlands, a study is carried out by the research institute TNO Industrial Technology on the current status of the existing PVC water distribution system and on the prediction of its residual lifetime. The prediction of the...
Author(s) : Spindler 2004 Milan
In this contribution we summarise investigations how the three sustainability areas ecology, economy and society can be converted one into the other, how they are correlated etc. Results are explained with the example of different pipe systems made from PVC and other materials. The most important economical criterion,...
Author(s) : Newport, Wijeyesekara, Edwards 2004 Milan
Research work undertaken at the University of East London has produced new forms of sustainable manufactured aggregate, which gives a backfill material which has many advantages over natural materials. The unique geotechnical properties of the aggregate make it an idea material for the laying of plastic pipes allowing...
Author(s) : Roy Brander 2004 Milan
The city of Calgary, Canada, is notable both for the depth of its commitment to PVC as a material for water & sewer mains, and the low failure rate it has experienced them. The break rate in the early 1990s, ~0.2 failures/year/100km, was roughly one-quarter of the average for 10 other Canadian cities1, and less than...
Author(s) : Robeyns, Vanspeybroeck 2004 Milan
Lifetime prediction of plastics piping systems plays an important key role when selecting new materials for pressure pipes. Practical experience during more than 50 years, demonstrates that PVC piping systems do not vanish after the lifetime as mentioned in the relevant national and international standards. PVC pipes...
Author(s) : Ottaviani, Sarti, Milana 2004 Milan
Materials and articles in contact with water for human consumption should not endanger human health and should not bring about organoleptie changes to the water. The compliance of the manufacts (pipes, joints, fittng, valve, filtus etc..) is under the responsibility of the industry which has to follow the indications...
Author(s) : Jeffrey, Moser, Folkman 2004 Milan
A research project sponsored by Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association dealing with the fatigue strength of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe was recently completed at Utah State University. The objective of the project was to develop an improved methodology for predicting fatigue failure of 6-inch (152 mm) PVC pipes. The tests...
Author(s) : Alessandro Soresina, David Walton 2004 Milan
AEM S.p.A. is the leading Italian company in the management of public utility services, based in Northern Italy (Milan), and operates in the sectors of electricity, gas and heat, telecommunications and other services which include both public and aesthetic lighting.The parent company, AEM S.p.A.have been listed on the...
Author(s) : De Vries 2004 Milan
Basell is a worldwide leader in the technology for polyolefinic materials. Being the major technology supplier in PP, Basell also provides technologies for PE slurry, high- and low pressure gas phase and related catalyst systems. Specifically, it has a major product portfolio in a large number of pipe applications...
Author(s) : Palmloef, Quaretta 2004 Milan
Silane crosslinking is one of the major methods used commercially today to bring about crosslinking of pipes. However, to achieve reasonable crosslinking rates it is necessary to add a catalyst masterbatch at extrusion. In addition some kind of post extrusion treatment at elevated temperature is necessary. Catalyst...
Author(s) : R. de Palo 2004 Milan
One of the most critical points in the design of a material with long term high burst pressure performance is to limit the so called "brittle failure", where slow crack growth propagation mode takes place. Since many years, polypropylene has been produced via cascade processes, where different PP based structures are...
Author(s) : Guldbaeck 2004 Milan
The Danish Plastics Industry, represented by Uponor A/S, KWH Pipe AS and Nordisk Wavin A/S, has cooperated with Erling Holm, consultant, and DANVA (Danish Water and Waste Water Association) in the drafting of the above new technical guide ("Brug af plastrør til vand- og afløbssystemer, vejledning nr. 54" (1)) which...
Author(s) : Jungmann 2004 Milan
This case study follows the installation of a 300 to 800mm PVC sewer pipline system in a housing development. The system employs a novel design of PVC foam core pipes which have an integral, fixed elastomeric sealing ring in the joint as well as a specially thickened inner wall which gives improved...
Author(s) : Shin, Jang, Kwon, Lee 2004 Milan
Thousands of kilometers of polyethylene (PE) pipes are newly installed every year. However, up to date, there are no reliable nondestructive testing methods to determine the quality of the joint of the PE piping system. In this paper, an innovative nondestructive testing (NDT) method for electrofusion (EF) joints is...
Author(s) : Veschetti, Cittadini, Maresca, Ottaviani 2004 Milan
Water distribution systems may be subjected to microbial contamination when new pipes are laid or repair work is done. Severe pollution of drinking water is also possible in plumbing systems during normal operating conditions as a consequence of unfortunate circumstances. In both cases, after removing the possible...
Author(s) : Allmann 2004 Milan
The plastic piping industry has evolved into a highly successful player within the international arena, having penetrated many new segments. Furthermore, market acceptance of plastic piping has increased in many fields of application on account of the improved technical properties of materials. This mainly applies to...
Author(s) : Pontiggia, Vidotto 2004 Milan
Istituto Italiano dei Plastici (I.I.P., Italian Institute of Plastic Materials) sponsored and supported a research work to investigate and define the remaining life time of PE pipes which were in operation for several years to convey potable water in municipal waterworks. Specifically the investigation has been...
Author(s) : Muckle 2004 Milan
In 1999 the Health & Safety Executive agreed to the introduction of a new risk based methodology to be used for prioritising iron mains replacement. The introduction of this methodology combined with the results of major incident investigations has led the Health & Safety Executive to conclude that the potential risk...
Author(s) : Fiedler, Ettinger 2004 Milan
The city of Göttingen is located in central Germany, directly on the highway connecting Hannover and Kassel. With its 130,000 inhabitants, Göttingen is one of the 60 largest cities in Germany. In 1988 Göttingen started to systematically investigate its 700 km long sewer network (350 km sewerage lines and 350 km rain...
Author(s) : Damen 2004 Milan
The development of a new family of PE materials with significantly improved processability and long term strength at high temperatures is discussed. These polymers form the basis for a new ISO class of polyethylene materials : PE-RT (Polyethylene of Raised Temperature resistance) for hot and cold water pipe...
Author(s) : Andtbacka, Bjorklund, Lofmark, Thorstensson 2004 Milan
The performance of buried large diameter structured wall PE pipes has been studied by following the development of the deflection in four different large diameter PE pipes installed in Finland and Sweden. The pipes studied have had an internal diameter of 2000-2400 mm and a ring stiffness of 4-8 kN/m2. Two of the...
Author(s) : Genoni, Belforte 2004 Milan
One aspect of extrusion technology that could offer viable alternatives to solid PEX pipes in the gas distribution industry is the production of co-extruded pipes. The production of a PE pipe incorporating cross-linked layers in its wall may be an attractive method of transferring some of the properties of PEX to...
Author(s) : Watkins 2004 Milan
HDPE pipes are being installed as buried conduits at an increasing rate. HDPE pipes are lightweight and resistant to corrosion and abrasion. Because HDPE pipes are flexible, the soil embedment is a major component of the conduit. To assure adequate pipe stiffness, corrugated and profile wall pipes are becoming...
Author(s) : Dall'Argine 2004 Milan
Among the filled pipe-laying methods, it’s interesting the one that permits, for certain soils characteristics and for little plastic pipes, to lay the pipe-lines without the excavation and burying operations. The “Consorzio di Bonifica della Piana di Terralba e Arborea” adopted this PVC pipe-laying system to the...
Author(s) : Woods, Marti, Ferry 2004 Milan
Open-cut installation of C900/C905 PVC for new potable water systems has been a proven methodology for many years. Creating PVC pipe with improved hydrostatic stress rating through expansion and orientation of the polymer (PVCO) is likewise established technology. Sliplining existing pipelines with butt-fused sections...
Author(s) : Schemm, Van de Vliet, Koennecke, Grasmeder 2004 Milan
Polybutene-1 (PB-1) is a relatively unexplored polyolefin which shares many features in common with conventional polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene, while at the same time offering versatility, value and opportunity through a range of properties not usually associated with this type of resin. Pipes made...
Author(s) : Laurent, Hugues 2004 Milan
The last years have seen the emergence of several multi-layer pipe structures based on polyolefin materials (PE 80 – PE 100 – PE-X – PP). The combination of a polyolefin with another functional layer in a multi-layer structure enables taking advantage of the properties of the different components. The advantages of...
Author(s) : Whittle, Tennakoon 2004 Milan
Ipswich Water commenced reviewing the service lives of different pipe materials in its gravity sewer system. Unlike other pipe materials, PVC sewers did not have failure histories, or deterioration revealed in CCTV inspections, even after 25 years of service. Therefore establishing a realistic predicted life was not...
Author(s) : Castiglioni, Verzanini, Pavan 2004 Milan
The possibility of predicting the resistance to creep and ductile failure in pressurized pipes from tensile creep tests on specimens taken from the same pipes, is explored. Experimental results obtained by the two testing methods are compared and discussed.
Author(s) : Sun, He, Zhang 2004 Milan
Steel mesh reinforced plastic pipe is an innovative type of pressure pipe which is composed of plastics with a steel mesh encased. Due to the big differences in respective mechanical properties of the two materials, the stresses sustained by them also differ greatly when the pipe is subject to load. The methods...
Author(s) : Osry) 2004 Milan
Pipe materials technology and market needs have combined to advance developments in material savings while enhancing pipe properties. Increasing PVC pipe material design stresses from 10 to 32 MPa and the corresponding reduction in wall thicknesses and safety factors is described and includes a consideration of the...
Author(s) : S. COOK, C. DAL POZZO 2004 Milan
In 1989 the English and Welsh water industry was privatised. A research program was conducted to develop new testing and quality procedures. So many pipes, taken from mains placed in service over time, were disinterred and tested. The failure causes were analysed mainly by application of “fracture mechanics”. To try...
Author(s) : Mickley 2004 Milan
Due to its excellent material characteristics and its outstanding price / performance ratio, until today PVC-U is the worldwide most used material for pipes made from plastics. As the market is very competitive manufacturers of PVC-U pipes have been exposed to increasing pressure on prices and costs for years. At the...
Author(s) : Dalmolen 2004 Milan
Plastic pips have entered many applications and have outperformed traditional materials in many respects. Until recently, the use of thermoplastic pipe has been limited to rather low pressures, up to about 10 or 16 Bars. Since the introduction of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) this situation has drastically...
Author(s) : Castagnetti, Dragoni, Simonazzi 2004 Milan
The quality of HDPE pipes for water and gas conveyance is central to the performance of the installation and to the reputation of the plastic pipe industry. The paper aims at identifying a rapid test protocol that can discriminate between top quality and poor quality materials and can be used for conformity control...
Author(s) : Tuerk, Stieglitz 2004 Milan
Conventional dimension change is a time- and labour-intensive procedure and as such it is a significant cost factor. Reducing this cost was the motivation for QuickSwitch. The new system was developed by KraussMaffei, Munich; in cooperation with Egeplast Werner Strumann GmbH, Greven, a well-known German pipe producer....
Author(s) : Pinter, Haager, Balika, Lang 2004 Milan
In this work fatigue crack growth (FCG) experiments were used to evaluate the long term performance of polyethylene (PE) pipe grades. The FCG-tests were performed under a sinusoidal load at a frequency of 5 Hz, an R-ratio (Fmin/Fmax) of 0.1 and a test temperature of 23 °C. Eight different commercial pipe grades (PE 80...
Author(s) : Schroeder, Julius, Forsyth 2004 Milan
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) plastic piping is often used where elevated temperature performance and excellent chemical resistance is needed. However, compared to some other plastic materials, PVC-C can be more difficult to process and generally restricted in size to smaller dimension pipe. The commercial...
Author(s) : Gross 2004 Milan
Conventional pipe dies normally have no means to get rid of unsymmetrical differences of the local melt stream around the circumference of the die. That is why, even after the die has been centered in an ideal way, all produced pipes have thickness tolerances over their circumference. The development of Flex Ring Dies...
Author(s) : Gustaaf SUYS, MA ZHOU, Dave CORDEROY 2004 Milan
A sector of the Beijing Natural Gas Company network was to be converted from town gas to natural gas. It was found that the existing steel pipeline installed in 1983 could not withstand the working pressure, as parts of the steel pipes were seriously corroded. The system consisted of about 2.7 and 0.2 km of...
Author(s) : Caswell 2004 Milan
District heating and combined heat and power systems are becoming an attractive way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This has resulted in renewed interest in such systems used to provide electricity and heat to cities, and Universities, for example. There are many district heating systems in the United Kingdom,...
Author(s) : Bjorklund, Leowpenwong 2004 Milan
An old 1550 mm diameter heavily corroded water pipe, was in March 2003 relined in Kolkata, India by using 1400 mm SDR 30 PE pipework. In all, 1 km of pipe was rehabilitated. To facilitate the installation of the PE pipe and maximize the insertion lengths, extensive planning for a slip-lining operation was carried out....
Author(s) : Cook 2004 Milan
The Natural Step is an international NGO dedicated to Sustainable Development. The work we do is based upon a scientific approach and began with scientists and businesses in Sweden over ten years ago. Our framework uses science and systems thinking to help others get to grips with the complexities of...
Author(s) : Carlo 2004 Milan
Use of relining technologies in Italy grew steadily in the second half of the ’90s. Initially commissioned by gas and drinking water distribution companies, work of this type was later extended to the big oil, petrochemical and pharmaceutical companies. The No-Dig technologies most commonly used today are those in the...
Author(s) : Whittle, Teo 2004 Milan
PVC-U and PVC-M pipes may be used in applications where they are subjected to cyclic pressures generated by the operation of pumps and valves. It is therefore important that the pipe material’s response to cyclic loading is quantified and that pipelines are designed and operated within the material’s established...
Author(s) : Gueugnaut, Berthier, Darut, Constantinescu 2004 Milan
It is well known today that rock impingement is one of the major cause of long term failure of PE pipes when in the ground. This phenomenon which results of an intermittent or permanent contact of a hard object – most often not directly injurious – with the PE pipe can lead to premature brittle failure within...
Author(s) : Patrick Leevers 2004 Milan
International Standard ISO 13477 defines the ‘S4’ RCP test itself, and specifies two procedures which use it. The first procedure, already well embedded in referring standards, evaluates a critical pressure at constant temperature (usually 0°C) below which RCP arrests. The second procedure evaluates, at constant...
Author(s) : Akiyama, Kuriyama 2004 Milan
The technical study group established by the Japan Gas Association examined the general design coefficient factor (C) to use polyethylene pipe to transport gas in Japan up to 0.3MPa. Because there are no results of the use of polyethylene pipe for gas in this high pressure range in Japan, we conducted a study...
Author(s) : Monsen 2004 Milan
My paper today is based on the Isiflo Tapping Saddle, a new and uniquely patented system for mechanical tapping on plastic pipes, which has been especially designed to solve creeping problems. To solve this problem the two main functions of a mechanical tapping saddle have been separated. Positioning/securing the...
Author(s) : Schiller, Fischer 2004 Milan
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most fascinating, interesting, universal and oldest thermoplastics oft all. On one hand it is the polymer which comes into contact with a baby’s skin only a few minutes after its birth, in many contries the bracelet on which the name and the birthday of the newborn are noted is...
Author(s) : Janson, Bergstroem, Baeckman, Blomster 2004 Milan
When performing strength quality control of PE pressure pipes made of new grades it is important to take the creep vs. time into consideration and not only the common stress vs.time behaviour. Thus, it is just the relation between linear strain and logarithmic time, which will within a reasonable testing time help us...
Author(s) : Beaver, McGrath, Scharff 2004 Milan
Plastic pipe has been used for many years in applications to control surface water runoff by detention, retention, and infiltration. Review of deficiencies with available pipe geometries resulted in creation of a new ‘pipe’ product, termed chambers. Stormwater chambers are arch-shaped, open bottom, polypropylene...
Author(s) : Wittner 2004 Milan
In sparsely populated areas a central drinking water supply is not economical. This describes exactly the situation in the mountains. Here, existing sources can be used to supply the people who live in this area. A supply system consist out of pressure pipes, several shafts and storage tanks. The complete system has...
Author(s) : Catanzano 2004 Milan
The key reason for investment in technology should be obvious – it is for business growth. The main volume products - PE and PVC are at a similar stage in the business cycle, where formerly rapid growth has decelerated and is in the doldrums with declining prices – the classic signs of a mature market. Meanwhile there...
Author(s) : James Mason, John Chen and Gregory O’Brien 2004 Milan
This paper presents an overview of the first high pressure polyamide-11 (PA-11) natural gas plastic pipe field installations with operating pressures of 150 to 200 psi. We describe the layout and operating pressures, the local soil and environment conditions, as well as the installation methods employed to complete...
Author(s) : MacKellar, Headford, Ingham 2004 Milan
This paper provides an overview of the basic properties of plastic pipes, in the range 50mm to 400mm, and how these should be used in the design of above ground process pipe systems made of PE and PVC. It covers the basic properties of plastics, examples of the determination of load cases and describes the basic types...
Author(s) : Meijering, Wolters, Hermkens 2004 Milan
One of the options for a low-pressure gas distribution system is the use of ductile PVC pipes and joints. The long-term performance of ductile PVC pipes has been reported in a number of previous studies. In this paper the long-term performance of the socket joints, in which elastomeric (NBR) sealing rings are used, is...
Author(s) : Bergstroem, Nilsson, Lindqvist 2004 Milan
When making creep tensile tests on butt fusion joints in PE pipes almost all failures emerge from the outside of the pipe. Results indicate an influence from the outside surface on the long term behaviour of butt fusion joints. It is a well established practice to scrape the outside surface of PE pipes when making...
Author(s) : Maurizio Di Trapani, Flavia Marino 2004 Milan
Within the water sector, AMAP S.p.A. is one of the oldest companies in Italy, as we have been managing the Water System in the city of Palermo (which is the capital of Sicily) for over one hundred years. The water distributed by AMAP S.p.A comes from the following sources, spread around the Province of Palermo: four...
Author(s) : van't Veer 2004 Milan
The paper will explain that the members of TEPPFA unanimously agreed to a Voluntary Commitment to collect and recycle all plastics pipe waste and to replace lead as a stabiliser for PVC and as a pigment substance. TEPPFA also participates in the PVC – Voluntary Commitment by committing to collect and recycle 50% of...
Author(s) : De Rosa, Spence 2004 Milan
The cost benefits of thin walled MDPE pipe systems for the rehabilitation of gas and water mains are significant. However, the key short-term factor in making decisions about rehabilitation and replacement choices is often the initial cost of the work, rather than the total cost of ownership. The various spray-applied...
Author(s) : Rubeiz 2004 Milan
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) piping systems have been available since 1948. In 1955, ASTM established the Plastics Pipe Committee. In 1978, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) approved HDPE for water tubes that were up to 75mm (3”) in diameter. In 1990, AWWA developed the first edition of the AWWA Standard...
Author(s) : Rugraff 2004 Milan
To heat buildings and houses, a common source of heat with a large ‘district heating’ distribution system is used more and more. This system is both economic and ecological as it avoids the generation of heat by thousands of private heating systems. Such networks are currently made mainly with steel coated with PU...
Author(s) : Hessel, Lueghamer, Tsunaga 2004 Milan
Case histories of large diameter heavy wall polyolefine pipe installations for water supply in Japan are presented. The different methods for heated butt welding procedures for polyethylene are compared. The test methods to assess the performance of the welds are described and the failure mechanisms are...
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